The Father of the History of Otology

By Albert Mudry, MD, PhD John Riddington Young, TD and bar, MPhil, FRCS, DLO

This year is near the centenary of the death of Adam Politzer (1835-1920). He has been described as the Father of Otology [1] and was certainly the most influential person in otology in the latter half of the 19th century [2]. 

He is probably best remembered for his eponymous middle ear inflation (Politzerisation) but he worked assiduously in every aspect of otology, developing the value of otoscopy in diagnosing ear disease. He was also at the forefront in the description of many pathological conditions (including his seminal account of otosclerosis) [3]. He exploited current progress in pathology and histology to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures [4]. In 1877 he invented a new portable acoumeter to improve on the inadequate contemporary methods of testing auditory acuity [5].

Politzer was born in Alberti (now Albertirsa), Hungary, but completed his medical studies in Vienna in 1859. He travelled extensively in Europe and worked in Heidelberg, Paris, Würzburg and London. He studied with such great names as Joseph Toynbee and Prosper Meniere, but returned to Vienna [3].

In 1864, together with von Tröltsch and Schwartze, he founded the Archiv für Ohrenheilkunde, the first periodical to deal exclusively with otology. Later it became the European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. With his colleague Gruber, he started the first academic clinic in the world devoted entirely to otology in 1873. This was Politzer’s genius – he was the very first surgeon to embrace otology as an independent specialty in its own right [6].

His textbook on otology [7] is legendary. There were four first editions (in German 1878, American English 1883, French 1884 and Spanish 1886) and after five various other editions in different languages, eventually a posthumous sixth English edition in 1926.

It is for Politzer’s celebrated book, History of Otology [8] however, that we suggest that he be dubbed the ‘Father of the History of ENT.’ This was not only the first comprehensive textbook on the subject, but it has stood the test of time and still remains unsurpassed as the ‘gold standard’ reference work on the history of otology. It also presents a persuasive and cogent philosophy about the value of studying history of otology. In the Introduction, he warns: “It has become increasingly evident to the physician that in order to gain a thorough understanding of medicine, he must have at least a rudimentary knowledge of its developmental history.” He ends by saying “The history of a scientific specialty should act as a guiding light, connecting the past with the present and establishing the basis for future research [7].” 

Perhaps Søren Kierkegaard, the first existential philosopher, put this same concept very succinctly another way. He said, “Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards [9].” 

Having said all this, many otologists remain unconvinced and it is fairly clear that there are two camps with respect to the history of medicine: those who realise its importance and those who consider it a useless triviality. Colleagues who take time to read this feature probably fall into the first group.

---

References

1. Lederer FL. A Tribute to Adam Politzer. Arch Otolaryngol 1961;74(2):130-3. 
2. Bennett JDC, Young JR. Offbeat Otolaryngology.Stuttgart, Germany; Thieme; 2001:58.
3. Mudry A. Adam Politzer (1835-1920) and the description of otosclerosis. Otol Neurotol 2006;27:276-81. 
4. Mudry A. The Role of Adam Politzer (1835-1920) in the History of Otology. Am J Otol 2000;21:753-63; Mudry A. Adam Politzer; A Life for Otology. Asuncion: Wayenborgh, 2010. 
5. Politzer A. Ueber einen einheitlichen Hörmesser. Arch Ohrenheil 1877;12:104-9.
6. Podolsky, E. Adam Politzer, First Scientific Otologist, Guest Editorial Eye Ear Nose Throat 1956;35:581. 
7. Politzer A. Lehrbuch der Ohrenheilkunde. Vol I. Stuttgart; Enke; 1878. 
8. Politzer A. Geschichte der Ohrenheilkunde.2 volumes. Stuttgart; F Enke, 1907 and 1913. 
9. Kierkegaard, S. Journalen JJ:167 (1843), Søren Kierkegaards Skrifter, Søren Kierkegaard Research Centre, Copenhagen, 1997, volume 18, page 306.